Canopy Forum’s Literature Highlights series shares important new works addressing issues at the intersection of law and religion. Here you’ll find excerpts, reviews, and commentary on the scholarship shaping our world today.
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- “Law, Religion, and Education” by Kathleen A. Brady
Law, Religion, and EducationKathleen A. Brady The following is an adapted excerpt from the chapter “Law, Religion, and Education” from the book, Faith in Law,… - “Review of Law & Religion in a Secular Age” by John Witte, Jr
Law & Religion in a Secular Age by Rafael Domingo Review by John Witte, Jr. The following essay is a review of Rafael Domingo’s book, Law… - “John Witte, Jr.’s Contributions to the Study of Sex, Marriage, and Family Law” by Helen AlvaréJohn Witte, Jr.’s Contributions to the Study of Sex, Marriage, and Family Law Helen M. Alvaré The following is an adapted excerpt from the chapter…
- “Obeying Conscience: The Commands and Costs of Resisting the Law” by Jeffrey B. HammondObeying Conscience: The Commands and Costs of Resisting the Law Jeffrey B. Hammond The following is an adapted excerpt from the chapter “Obeying Conscience: The…
- “John Witte, Jr. On Christianity and Law” by Rafael DomingoJohn Witte, Jr. On Christianity and LawRafael Domingo The following is an adapted excerpt from the chapter “John Witte, Jr. On Christianity and Law” from…
- “Witte’s Contribution on Human Rights and Religious Freedom” by Nicholas WolterstorffWitte’s Contribution on Human Rights and Religious FreedomNicholas Wolterstorff The following is an adapted excerpt from the chapter “Witte’s Contribution on Human Rights and Religious…
- “Can Laws and Rights Teach? John Witte and the Uses of the Law” by Patrick McKinley Brennan & William S. Brewbaker IIICan Laws and Rights Teach? John Witte and the Uses of the LawPatrick McKinley Brennan & William S. Brewbaker III The following is an adapted…
- “A Foreword to Faith in Law, Law in Faith” by James T. Laney
A Foreword to Faith in Law, Law in Faith James T. Laney The following is the foreword to the book, Faith in Law, Law in… - “Why ‘School Choice’ is a Strange Term: Educational Pluralism and International Norms” by Ashley Rogers Berner
Why ‘School Choice’ is a Strange Term: Educational Pluralism and International NormsAshley Rogers Berner The following is an excerpt from Ashley Rogers Berner’s new book,… - “Law and Religion in the Secular Age” by Rafael DomingoLaw & Religion in a Secular Age Rafael Domingo The following is an excerpt from Rafael Domingo’s work titled, Law & Religion in a Secular…
- “Law from Below: How the Thought of Francisco Suárez, SJ, Can Renew Contemporary Legal Engagement” by Elisabeth Rain Kincaid
Law from Below: How the Thought of Francisco Suárez, SJ, Can Renew Contemporary Legal EngagementElisabeth Rain Kincaid The following is an excerpt from Elisabeth Rain… - “Islam, Women, and Genderization in Professions: The Case of Uzbekistan” by Rahimjon Abdugafurov
Islam, Women, and Genderization in Professions: The Case of UzbekistanRahimjon Abdugafurov The following is an excerpt from Rahimjon Abdugafurov’s chapter titled, “Islam, Women, and Genderization… - “Learning to Disagree” by John Inazu
Learning to DisagreeJohn Inazu The following is an introduction followed by an adapted excerpt from John Inazu’s new book, “Learning to Disagree” with permission from… - “Human Rights Claims and the Orthodox in America” by A. G. Roeber
Human Rights Claims and the Orthodox in AmericaA. G. Roeber The following is an adapted excerpt from A.G. Roeber’s new book, “Orthodox Christians and the… - “From the Pope’s Hand to Indigenous Lands Alexander VI in Spanish Imperialism” by Matthew P. Cavedon
“From the Pope’s Hand to Indigenous Lands: Alexander VI in Spanish Imperialism”Matthew P. Cavedon The following is an introduction followed by an adapted excerpt from… - “My Body, Their Baby: A Progressive Christian Vision for Surrogacy” by Grace Y. Kao
“My Body, Their Baby: A Progressive Christian Vision for Surrogacy”Grace Y. Kao Nearly four decades after the In re Baby M case stimulated widespread debate… - “The Oxford Handbook of Christianity and Law” by John Witte, Jr. & Rafael Domingo
The Oxford Handbook of Christianity and LawJohn Witte, Jr. and Rafael Domingo This text is excerpted in part from the front matter of the Oxford… - “Table Talks on Law and Religion” by John Witte, Jr.
Table Talks on Law and ReligionJohn Witte, Jr. This is an excerpt from John Witte, Jr.’s open access book, Table Talk: Short Reflections on the… - “Religious Accommodation and its Limits” by Farrah Raza
Religious Accommodation and its LimitsFarrah Raza On what grounds should religious accommodation claims be limited? When do religious claims harm the autonomy of others? This… - “Human Rights and Orthodox Christianity: Learning from our Differences” by John Witte, Jr.
Human Rights and Orthodox Christianity: Learning from our DifferencesJohn Witte, Jr. This essay was originally published on November 3, 2023 as a chapter in The… - “Buildings of Worship as Cultural Heritage in Italy – New Scenarios for the Management and Reuse of Catholic Churches Between Canon Law and State Law” By Davide Dimodugno
Buildings of Worship as Cultural Heritage in Italy – New Scenarios for the Management and Reuse of Catholic Churches Between Canon Law and State LawDavide… - “Religion and Identity in an Age of Individualization” by Ted A. Smith
Religion and Identity in an Age of IndividualizationTed A. Smith Excerpted from The End of Theological Education by Ted A. Smith (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company). Reprinted… - “Advanced Introduction to Law and Religion” by Frank S. Ravitch
Advanced Introduction to Law and ReligionFrank S. Ravitch This literature highlight is drawn from Advanced Introduction to Law and Religion by Frank S. Ravitch (Edward Elgar… - “Religious Diversity in Europe: Mediating the Past to the Young” by Riho Altnurme, Elena Arigita, and Patrick Pasture
Religious Diversity in Europe: Mediating the Past to the YoungRiho Altnurme, Elena Arigita, and Patrick Pasture The following is an introduction to Religious Diversity in… - “The Case for Parental Choice: God, Family, and Educational Liberty” by John E. Coons
The Case for Parental Choice: God, Family, and Educational LibertyJohn E. Coons This is an adapted excerpt from Chapter 5 of The Case for Parental… - “Historic Houses of Worship in Peril: Conserving Their Place in American Life” By Thomas Edward Frank
Historic Houses of Worship in Peril: Conserving Their Place in American Life By Thomas Edward Frank This excerpt from Historic Houses of Worship in Peril:… - “Constituting Religion: Islam, Liberal Rights, and the Malaysian State” by Tamir Moustafa
Constituting Religion: Islam, Liberal Rights, and the Malaysian StateTamir Moustafa The following is an excerpt from Tamir Moustafa’s Constituting Religion: Islam, Liberal Rights, and the… - “Federal Anti-Indian Law: The Legal Entrapment of Indigenous Peoples” by Peter d’Errico
Federal Anti-Indian Law: The Legal Entrapment of Indigenous PeoplesPeter d’Errico The following is an excerpt from Peter d’Errico’s Federal Anti-Indian Law: The Legal Entrapment of… - “The Polish Contribution to the Global Legal Culture” by Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier and Rafael Domingo
The Polish Contribution to the Global Legal Culture Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier and Rafael Domingo The following is excerpted from the Introduction of Law and Christianity in… - “Sacrifice and Conversion in the Early Modern Atlantic World” by Maria Berbara
Sacrifice and Conversion in the Early Modern Atlantic WorldMaria Berbara The following is an adapted excerpt from Sacrifice and Conversion in the Early Modern Atlantic… - “Unbelievers: An Emotional History of Doubt” by Alec Ryrie
Unbelievers: An Emotional History of DoubtAlec Ryrie Adapted from UNBELIEVERS: AN EMOTIONAL HISTORY OF DOUBT BY ALEC RYRIE, published by The Belknap Press of Harvard… - “The Blessings of Liberty: Human Rights and Religious Freedom in the Western Legal Tradition” by John Witte Jr.
The Blessings of Liberty: Human Rights and Religious Freedom in the Western Legal TraditionJohn Witte, Jr. The following is excerpted from John Witte, Jr.’s The… - “The Polish Contribution to the Global Legal Culture Foreword” by John Witte, Jr.
The Polish Contribution to the Global Legal CultureJohn Witte, Jr. The following is excerpted from Law and Christianity in Poland: The Legacy of the Great… - “The Rights of Women” by Erika Bachiochi
The Rights of Women: Reclaiming a Lost VisionErika Bachiochi This excerpt is from the first chapter of The Rights of Women: Reclaiming a Lost Vision… - “Banning Black Gods: Law and Religions of the African Diaspora” by Danielle Boaz
Banning Black Gods:Law and Religions of the African Diaspora Danielle Boaz This excerpt is adapted from Banning Black Gods: Law and Religions of the African Diaspora… - “Joseph Smith for President: The Prophet, The Assassins, and the Fight for American Religious Freedom’ by Spencer W. McBride” by Peter Wosnik
Image adapted from Wikicommons by DhLeaks44 / CC BY-SA 4.0 “REVIEW: Joseph Smith for President: The Prophet, The Assassins, and the Fight for American Religious Freedom by Spencer… - Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism by Nicholas Pruitt
Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism Nicholas Pruitt The following is a modified excerpt from Nicholas Pruitt’s Open Hearts, Closed… - “The Women’s Mosque of America: Authority & Community in US Islam” by Tazeen Ali
The Women’s Mosque of America: Authority & Community in US IslamTazeen Ali The following is a modified excerpt from Tazeen Ali’s The Women’s Mosque of… - “Ordinary Affects of U.S. Empire” by Candace Lukasik
Religion and US Empire: Critical New Historiesedited by Tisa Wenger and Sylvester Johnson “Ordinary Affects of U.S. Empire”, A review by Candace Lukasik “American imperialist… - “Religious Diversity’s Benefit for Democracy” by Robert Wuthnow
Religious Diversity’s Benefit for DemocracyRobert Wuthnow The following is a modified except from Robert Wuthnow’s Why Religion Is Good for American Democracy (2021), out now… - “Natural Rights and the First Amendment Religion Clauses” by Vincent Phillip Muñoz
Natural Rights and the First Amendment Religion ClausesVincent Phillip Muñoz The following is a modified excerpt from Vincent Phillip Muñoz’s 2022 book Religious Liberty and… - “Religion: Relevant to Public Policy but Shielded from Critical Discussion?” by David A. Hollinger
Religion: Relevant to Public Policy but Shielded from Critical Discussion?David A. Hollinger This essay draws on my new book, Christianity’s American Fate: How Religion Became… - “Religious Rhetoric in US Right-Wing Politics: Donald Trump, Intergroup Threat, and Nationalism” by Chiara Migliori
Religious Rhetoric in US Right-Wing Politics: Donald Trump, Intergroup Threat, and NationalismChiara Migliori This is an excerpt reprinted with permission from Religious Rhetoric in US Right-Wing… - “Effective Altruism and Religion: Synergies, Tensions, Dialogue” by Dominic Roser and Stefan Riedener
Effective Altruism and Religion: Synergies, Tensions, Dialogue Dominic Roser and Stefan Riedener The following is a modified version of the introduction to Effective Altruism and… - “An Excerpt from ‘Crimesploitation’” by Paul Kaplan and Daniel LaChance
Crimesploitation: Crime, Punishment, and Pleasure on Reality Televisionby Paul Kaplan and Daniel LaChance No reality television program about crime and punishment satisfied a hunger to… - “Celebrating the Scholarship of Michael J. Perry” by John Witte, Jr.Celebrating the Scholarship of Michael J. Perry Forward by John Witte, Jr. The following text is an excerpt from the Emory Law Journal’s new Festschrift…
- “The Creative Peace of ‘Spiritualizing Humanity,’ by Rafael Domingo Oslé & Gonzalo Rodríguez-Fraile Díaz” by Mónica García-Salmones
Spiritualizing Humanityby Rafael Domingo Oslé & Gonzalo Rodríguez-Fraile Díaz Review by Mónica García-Salmones After the spiritualism of the Middle Ages and the humanism of the… - “Meatpacking America: How Migration, Work, and Faith Unite and Divide the Heartland” by Kristy Nabhan-Warren
Meatpacking America: How Migration, Work, and Faith Unite and Divide the HeartlandKristy Nabhan-Warren An excerpt reprinted with permission from Meatpacking America: How Migration, Work, and… - “Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment” Introduction by John Witte, Jr., Joel A. Nichols, and Richard W. Garnett
Religion and the American Constitutional Experimentby John Witte, Jr., Joel A. Nichols, and Richard W. Garnett Thomas Jefferson once described America’s new religious freedom guarantees… - “An excerpt from ‘A Complicated Choice: Making Space for Grief and Healing in the Pro-Choice Movement” by Katey Zeh
A Complicated Choice: Making Space for Grief and Healing in the Pro-Choice MovementKatey Zeh Reprinted with permission from A Complicated Choice: Making Space for Grief… - “The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy” by Philip Gorski and Samuel Perry
The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracyby Philip Gorski and Samuel Perry Excerpt from The Flag and the… - “Facing Apocalypse: Climate, Democracy and Other Last Chances” by Catherine Keller
Facing Apocalypse: Climate, Democracy and Other Last Chancesby Catherine Keller As the fires, floods, and droughts of climate change spiral around a planetary pandemic and… - “Review of John Witte’s ‘The Blessings of Liberty’” by Nicholas Wolterstorff
The Blessings of Liberty by John Witte Reviewed by Nicholas Wolterstorff In the course of his long and distinguished career as a legal historian, John… - “Protestant Globalism and Human Rights” by Gene Zubovich
Protestant Globalism and Human Rightsby Gene Zubovich Excerpt from Before the Religious Right (University of Pennsylvania Press 2022) Before the rise of the Christian Right,… - “Sincerely Held: American Secularism and Its Believers” by Charles McCrary
Sincerely Held: American Secularism and Its Believers by Charles McCrary The following material is excerpted and lightly adapted from the introduction and eighth chapter of… - “Harold J. Berman on the Revitalization of Criminal Law and Religion” by Peter Wosnik
Image adapted from Wikicommons by DhLeaks44 / CC BY-SA 4.0 “Harold J. Berman on the Revitalization of Criminal Law and Religion” Peter Wosnik The age we live in… - “The Changing Terrain of Religious Freedom” by Heather J. Sharkey and Jeffrey Edward Green
The Changing Terrain of Religious Freedom edited by Heather J. Sharkey and Jeffrey Edward Green An overview by the editors What is religious freedom and… - “The Religion of Secularism Reexamined” by Leigh Eric Schmidt
The Religion of Secularism Reexamined by Leigh Eric Schmidt Excerpted from The Church of Saint Thomas Paine: A Religious History of American Secularism America’s most… - “Book Review: Decolonizing Human Rights by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im” by Firas Masri
Decolonizing Human Rightsby Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im Review by Firas Masri President Joe Biden and members of his administration have constantly reiterated the position that “human… - “The Business of War: Theological and Ethical Reflections on the Military-Industrial Complex” by James W. McCarty, Matthew A. Tapie, and Justin Bronson Barringer
The Business of War: Theological and Ethical Reflections on the Military-Industrial Complex by James W. McCarty, Matthew A. Tapie, and Justin Bronson Barringer The Business… - “Caring for Aging, Dying, and Dead Prisoners: A Summary of Prison Chaplains on the Beat in US and UK Prisons” by George Walters-Sleyon, PhD.
Caring for Aging, Dying, and Dead Prisoners A Summary of Prison Chaplains on the Beat in US and UK Prisons George Walters-Sleyon, PhD. I believe… - “REVIEW: Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism by Timothy Jackson” by David Blumenthal
Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionismby Timothy Jackson Review by David Blumenthal Books in Protestant constructive theology are not so… - “Law and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russia” Foreword by John Witte, Jr.
Law and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russiaedited by Paul Valliere and Randall A. Poole This volume is part of a 50-volume series on “Great… - “A Russian Conception of Legal Consciousness” by Randall A. PooleLaw and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russia edited by Paul Valliere and Randall A. Poole This volume is part of a fifty-volume series on…
- “Reading the Gita in a Global World” by Rohit Chopra
The Gita for a Global World: Ethical Action in an Age of Flux Rohit Chopra Reading the Gita in a Global World An Introduction by… - “Ecce Homo: Pilate and Jesus in the History of Secularity” by David Lloyd Dusenbury
The Innocence of Pontius Pilate by David Lloyd Dusenbury An overview by the author, with parts adapted from the book, published with the permission of… - “Law and Christianity in Latin America: The Work of Great Jurists” edited by M.C. Mirow and Rafael Domingo
Law and Christianity in Latin America: The Work of Great Jurists edited by M.C. Mirow and Rafael Domingo This volume is part of a fifty-volume… - “Could Cohabitation Rights Solve the Issue of Unregistered Religious Marriages?” by Russell Sandberg
Could Cohabitation Rights Solve the Issue of Unregistered Religious Marriages? A Contextualizing and Summary of Religion and Marriage Law: The Need for Reform Russell Sandberg… - “Moses, Jesus, and Einstein and Those Who Hate Them” by Timothy P. JacksonMoses, Jesus, and Einstein and Those Who Hate Them A Contextualizing and Summary of Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism…
- “Preview of ‘Queer Democracy: Desire, Dysphoria, and the Body Politic’” by Daniel D. Miller
Preview of Queer Democracy: Desire, Dysphoria, and the Body PoliticDaniel D. Miller For centuries, Western thinkers have imagined society as a body. But why? Why… - “Freedoms, Religion, Family, and Public Policy: A Global Perspective” by Grzegorz Blicharz
Freedoms, Religion, Family, and Public Policy: A Global PerspectiveGrzegorz Blicharz An Overview by Grzegorz Blicharz This series of books was published by the Institute of… - “Australian Jurists and Christianity” by Geoff Lindsay and Wayne Hudson
Australian Jurists and ChristianityGeoff Lindsay and Wayne Hudson An Overview by Geoff Lindsay and Wayne Hudson This volume is part of a fifty-volume series on… - “Human Struggle: Christian and Muslim Perspectives” by Mona Siddiqui
Human Struggle: Christian and Muslim PerspectivesMona Siddiqui In this section from chapter two of Human Struggle: Christian and Muslim Perspectives, Professor Siddiqui compares how Abu… - “An EU Law on Religion – A Recent Development” by Emma Ahlm
An EU Law on Religion – A Recent DevelopmentEmma Ahlm The following post is a reworking of the conclusions drawn in Emma Ahlm’s dissertation, EU… - “Extracting Our Abstractions: Why We Need a Christian Approach to Corporate Religious Liberty” by Edward A. David
A Christian Approach to Corporate Religious LibertyEdward A. David Extracting Our Abstractions: Why We Need a Christian Approach to Corporate Religious LibertyAn Introduction by Edward… - “The Intellectual Property of Nations: Returning to Our Beginnings in Christian Legality” by Laura Ford
The Intellectual Property of Nations: Returning to Our Beginnings in Christian LegalityLaura Ford An Overview by Laura Ford Laura Ford’s The Intellectual Property of Nations… - “A New History of the Church in Wales: Governance and Ministry, Theology and Society” by Norman Doe
A New History of the Church in Wales: Governance and Ministry, Theology and Society, edited by Norman Doe An Overview by Norman Doe This paper… - “Christianity and Private Law” by John Witte, Jr.
Christianity and Private Lawedited by Robert F. Cochran, Jr. andMichael P. Moreland Review by John Witte, Jr. This volume is one of several new introductions… - “Why Suffer the Children? Overcoming Christian Opposition to Children’s Rights” by John Witte, Jr.
This article is part of our “Children and Education Rights” series.If you’d like to check out other articles in this series, click here. Why Suffer the… - “Tax Law, Religion, and Justice: An Exploration of Theological Reflections on Taxation” by Allen Calhoun
Tax Law, Religion, and Justice: An Exploration of Theological Reflections on TaxationAllen Calhoun An Introduction by Allen Calhoun This is an Accepted Manuscript of a… - “Law and the Christian Tradition in Scandinavia” edited by Kjell Å Modéer and Helle Vogt
Law and the Christian Tradition in Scandinavia: The Writings of Great Nordic Jurists edited by Kjell Å Modéer and Helle Vogt This volume is part… - “REVIEW: Church Laws and Ecumenism edited by Norman Doe” by John Witte, Jr.
Church Laws and Ecumenism: A New Path for Christian Unity edited by Norman Doe Review by John Witte, Jr. Law is the backbone of Christian… - “REVIEW: The Cambridge Companion to the First Amendment and Religious Liberty” by Breidenbach and Anderson
The Cambridge Companion to the First Amendment and Religious Liberty edited by Michael D. Breidenbach and Owen Anderson Review by Lael Weinberger Religious liberty has… - “Character Formation, Ethical Education, and the Communication of Values in Late Modern Pluralistic Societies” by Michael Welker and John Witte, Jr.
“Character Formation, Ethical Education, and the Communication of Values in Late Modern Pluralistic Societies” by Michael Welker and John Witte, Jr. Five hundred years ago,… - “The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech” by Wendell Bird
The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech:From Blackstone to the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel ActWendell Bird This article is adapted from the introduction… - “Great Christian Jurists in English History” edited by Mark Hill QC and Richard H. Helmholz
Great Christian Jurists in English History edited by Mark Hill QC and Richard H. Helmholz This volume is part of a fifty-volume series on “Great… - “Great Christian Jurists in French History” by Olivier Descamps and Rafael Domingo
Great Christian Jurists in French History edited by Olivier Descamps and Rafael Domingo This volume is part of a fifty-volume series on “Great Christian Jurists… - “The Medieval Luther” edited by Christine Helmer
The Medieval Luther edited by Christine Helmer Staging a conversation among distinguished Luther scholars, historians of Christianity, and philosophers, The Medieval Luther makes the case… - “Great Christian Jurists in Spanish History” by Rafael Domingo and Javier Martínez-Torrón
Great Christian Jurists in Spanish History edited byRafael Domingo and Javier Martínez-Torrón This volume is part of a 50-volume series on “Great Christian Jurists in… - “Great Christian Jurists in German History” by Mathias Schmoeckel and John Witte, Jr.
Great Christian Jurists in German HistoryMathias Schmoeckel and John Witte, Jr. This volume is part of a 50-volume series on “Great Christian Jurists in World… - “Great Christian Jurists in American History” by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall
Great Christian Jurists in American History edited by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall This book is part of a 50-volume series on “Great… - “Christianity and Criminal Law” An Introduction by Mark Hill QC
Christianity and Criminal Law edited by Mark Hill QC, Norman Doe, R.H. Helmholz, and John Witte, Jr. This volume is one of several new introductions to Christianity and Law commissioned… - “Christianity and Global Law” edited by Rafael Domingo and John Witte, Jr.
Christianity and Global Lawedited by Rafael Domingo and John Witte Jr. This volume is one of several new introductions to Christianity and Law commissioned by… - “Christianity and Criminal Law” An Overview by Lord JudgeChristianity and Criminal Law edited by Mark Hill QC, Norman Doe, R.H. Helmholz, and John Witte, Jr. This volume is one of several new introductions to Christianity and Law commissioned…
- “REVIEW: Law and the Christian Tradition in Italy by Condorelli and Domingo”
Law and the Christian Tradition in Italy edited by Orazio Condorelli and Rafael Domingo Review by John Witte Jr. This volume is part of a… - REVIEW: ‘Dar al-Islam Revisited: Territoriality in Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslims in the West’ by Sarah Albrecht
Dār al-Islām Revisited: Territoriality in Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslims in the West by Sarah Albrecht Review by David R. Blumenthal Albrecht begins her…